10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution

The first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. Those 10 amendments  establish the most basic freedoms for Americans including the rights to worship how they want, speak how they want, and assembly and peaceably protest their government how they want. The amendments have also been subject to much interpretation since their adoption, particularly the right to carry a gun under the Second Amendment. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference, said  Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. History of the First 10 Amendments Before the American Revolution, the original colonies were united under Articles of Confederation, which did not address creation of a central government. In 1787, founders called a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to build a structure for a new government. The resulting Constitution did not address the rights of individuals, which became a source of contention during the documents ratification. The first 10 amendments were predated by the Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by  King John  to protect citizens against abuse of power by the King or Queen. Likewise, the authors, led by James Madison,  sought to limit the role of the central government. Virginias Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason immediately after independence in 1776, served as a model for other state bills of rights as well as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. Once drafted, the Bill of Rights was quickly ratified by the states. It only took six months for nine states to say yes - two short of the total needed. In December 1791, Virginia was the 11th state to ratify the first 10 amendments, making them part of the Constitution. Two other amendments failed ratification. List of the First 10 Amendments Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. What it means: The First Amendment is, to many Americans, the most sacred of the first 10 amendments because it protects them from persecution over their religious beliefs and government sanctions against the expression of opinions, even those that are unpopular. The First Amendment also prevents the government from interfering with journalists responsibility to serve as watchdogs. Amendment 2: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. What it means:  The Second Amendment is one of the most cherished, and divisive, clauses in the Constitution. Advocates for the right of American to carry guns believe the Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms. Those who argue the United States should do more to regulate guns point to the phrase well regulated. Gun-control opponents say the Second Amendment merely allows states to maintain militia organizations such as the National Guard. Amendment 3: No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. What it means: This is one of the simplest and clearest amendments. It forbids the government from forcing private-property owners to house members of the military. Amendment 4: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What it means: The Fourth Amendment protects the privacy of Americans by prohibiting the search and seizure of property without cause. Its reach is indescribably broad: every one of the millions of arrests made annually is a Fourth Amendment event. So too is every search of every person or private area by a public official, whether a police officer, schoolteacher, probation officer, airport security agent, or corner crossing guard, writes the Heritage Foundation. Amendment 5: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. What it means: The most common use of the Fifth Amendment is the right to avoid incriminating oneself by refusing to answer questions at a criminal trial. The amendment also guarantees Americans due process. Amendment 6: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. What it means: While this amendment seems clear, the Constitution doesnt actually define what a speedy trial is. It does, however, guarantee those accused of crimes a decision on guilt or innocence made by their peers in a public setting. That is an important distinction. Criminal trials in the United States take place in full public view, not behind closed doors, so they are fair and impartial and subject to judgement and scrutiny by others. Amendment 7: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. What it means: Even if certain crimes rise to the level of being prosecuted at the federal level, and not the state or local, defendants are still guaranteed a trial before a jury of their peers. Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What it means: This amendment protects those convicted of crimes from excessive jail time and capital punishment. Amendment 9: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. What it means: This provision was meant as a guarantee that Americans hold rights outside of just those specified in the first 10 amendments. Because it was impossible to enumerate all the rights of the people, a bill of rights might actually be construed to justify the government’s power to limit any liberties of the people that were not enumerated, states the Constitution Center. Thus the clarification that many other rights exist outside of the Bill of Rights.   Amendment 10: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. What it means: States are guaranteed any power not delegated to the U.S. government. Another way of explaining it:  the federal  government holds only those powers delegated to it in the Constitution.

Animal Cruelty Intresting Introduction to Speech Free Essays

Cages upon cages are stacked in a plain room. Each contains a monkey that will live there the rest of its life which could be years or days away. From isolation and insanity they pace round and round in circles. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Cruelty Intresting Introduction to Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now When they are taken out different tests are performed on them. Among these brutal experiments, is being shoved in tubes to be bled, having tubes shoved down their throats, and being painfully injected several times. These animals will never be free. Human clinical and epidemiological studies, cadavers, and computer simulators are faster, more reliable, less expensive, and more humane than animal tests. Ingenious scientists have developed a model â€Å"microbrain† from human brain cells to study tumors, as well as artificial skin and bone marrow. We can now test for skin irritancy on cells in a test tube, produce vaccines from human cell cultures, and perform pregnancy tests using blood samples instead of killing rabbits. Says Gordon Baxter, cofounder of Pharmagene Laboratories, a drug research company that uses only human tissues and computers to develop and test drugs, â€Å"If you have information on human genes, what’s the point of going back to animals? â€Å" Every year around 1 million animals are subjected to potentially dangerous drugs that may cause severe pain both physically and psychologically to the animal. Can you not see the irony in this? Every year around 1 million animals are subjected to potentially dangerous drugs that may cause severe pain both physically and psychologically to the animal. Visualize the pumping of chemicals into a rats’ stomach, hacking muscle tissue from dogs’, and putting baby monkeys in isolation chambers far from their mothers. Is there a purpose for this? When picking out your mascara or eyeliner, do you even stop to see what kind of makeup you are using? You could be supporting animal cruelty and not even know it. Today many makeup products, such as mascara, are being tested on animals. Helpless and defenseless animals are being performed on for different types of experiments all around the world. Animal testing is animal cruelty. It’s something that goes unnoticed every day because of the benefits for people that are a result of it. You are most likely connected with it every day; it’s the new cosmetic line that you just bought, your shampoo you use daily, or maybe even a vaccine. It’s something that’s overshadowed by advancements in the medical field. How to cite Animal Cruelty Intresting Introduction to Speech, Papers

Overall Condition Of A Geographical Location-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Overall Condition Of A Geographical Location? Answer: Introduction The term economy refers to the overall condition of a geographical location, in terms of the demand and supply forces and their mutual interactions to reach an equilibrium, which is measured in monetary terms. The dynamic stability of ay economy, though primarily determined by these two forces, is also affected by some other exogenous as well as endogenous economic phenomena, the fluctuation of those cause significant turmoil in the economic scenario of a country, giving rise to abnormal situations. One such condition of abnormality is known as recession, which means an overall stagnancy and slowdown in the economic activities, thereby resulting in the decline of economic growth of a country, resulting in low GDP and growth rates for the time being (Jacobs 2016). The global economic scenario, consisting of many small and big players, has been reined by a few significantly influential and powerful economies, which over the years have grown even more prospering, one of the most powerfu l ones being that of the United States of America. However, even this economy has not had a smooth path towards progress always and experienced a few fluctuations of massive intensity from time to time, one such event being the Great Recession of 2008-2009. The essay discussed this event elaborately and tries to analyze the main cause which caused the Great Recession in the USA, taking into account the tremendous implications the event had (mostly negative) on the economy of the country specifically and on the international economic scene cumulatively (Castells, Caraa and Cardoso 2012). Recession Recession, in the broad sense of the term in economics, refers to the stagnancy and a slowdown in general of an economy, with the overall economic activities (productive, industrial as well as trading) reducing significantly. Much of the recessionary situations arise due to the overall loss in the confidence upon the economy, from both the consumer side and the producer and investor side. With the loss of the overall confidence of the residents from the economy and its future prospects, the supply levels and productivity declines, which in its turn, leads to lowering of wages and creation of jobs, thereby increasing the unemployment burden (Stock and Watson 2012). The direct impact of this recessionary pressure falls on the standard of living of the residents of the economy as a whole. The nature of recession being cyclical by default, the phenomenon often creates a viscous cycle of burden for the economy, thereby taking the concerned economy on a spiral path of sufferings and povert y burden. The impacts of a recession can be seen on the declining growth rates of GDP and GDP per capita of the country at that point of time (Auerbach and Gorodnichenko 2012). Causes of recession Among the various factors, which give rise to a recessionary situation in an economy, there are several key factors, which mostly commonly leads to recession in any economy. Few such factors are explained below: a) Stock market turmoil- Stock market being the backbone of any developed and developing economy in the contemporary period, a sudden crash in the share values of the companies and loss of investors confidence on the profitability of those companies can lead to an overall slowdown in the economic activities of the country as a whole. This may lead to a recessionary situation (Farmer 2012). b) Interest rate irregularities- Economic activities of a country are highly dependent on the monetary variables like the rate of interest prevailing in the economy. Therefore, irregularities in this indicator may result in disinvestment in the economy, thereby reducing the economic activities and giving rise to recession (Bodie 2013). c) Irregularities in residential markets- With residential investments becoming one of the significant components of the GDP of the countries, sudden decrease in the price levels of the housing assets of a country can decrease the growth potential of the economy significantly, taking the economy on the path of a recession. The fall in prices, depending upon the longevity and magnitude of the price fall, can be short term or long term. This type of recession is more common and acute in those significantly developed countries, which experience a high population pressure (Bosworth 2012). Apart from the above-mentioned factors, recession may also be caused due to other factors like creation of wealth and asset bubbles, credit market crunches or natural and manmade calamities including wars, which causes significant hurdles on the path of economic progress of the country. USA and the Great Recession of 2007-2008 The United States of America has been and is continuing to be the biggest influencing economy in the global economic scenario. Being one of the largest contributors in almost all the global economic organizations and governing bodies, the country alone has the capacity to influence the overall economy of the world with its strategies and international policies. The economy of the USA, however, in spite of being one of the most successful one in the global economic history, had faced several notable fluctuations in its growth over time. The two most significant ones of these events, having tremendously adverse and long term effects on the economy, were the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession of the 2007-2009, the latter being the subject for discussion in this essay (Ball 2014). The Great Recession in the United States of America, as per the data provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research, had already started in the country by the last quarter of 2007, with the dynamics of the economy slowly changing and taking a downturn. With the advent and set in of the recession, the economic growth of the country stagnated and after sometime the country stated experiencing negative statistics in its growth indicators. The GDP of the USA was reduced by almost 51 per cent. It was the first of its kind after the recovery of the economy from the Great Depression of the 1930s. Not only the GDP growth rates, the country also experienced rude shocks in terms of the employment scenarios and the overall reduction in the aggregate demand and supply activities of the economy (Cynamon, Fazzari and Setterfield 2013). Figure 1: Consumption Spending (Personal) in the USA (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) The aggregate consumption levels of the households, which otherwise maintained a consistently rising trend in the country, as can be seen from the above figure, experienced a substantial decline from the last quarter of 2007, with the trend going even low till the third quarter of 2009. The statistics only started showing improvements from the beginning of 2010 (Jenkins et al. 2012). Much of this fall, taken together consumption was a byproduct of the huge increase in the unemployment scenario, which can be shown with the help of the following graph: Figure 2: Ratio of Employment and Population of the USA (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) It is very much evident from the above figure that the country, otherwise experiencing a more or less higher than average employment population ratio, saw a steep decline in the ratio during the period of 2007 to 2009, which persisted till 2010. Post 2010, though the ratio started improving, it could not reach to its persisting levels, before the occurrence of the Great Recession. This in its turn led to the fall in aggregate demand of the country as a whole, thereby adversely affecting the supply scenario and slowing down the overall productivity of the country. The effects of the Great Recession took a significantly long span to wither out completely (Danziger, Chavez and Cumberworth 2012). Great Recession: Primary Cause Over the years, many theories and debates have occurred among the economists all over the globe regarding the causal factors of the Great Recession in the USA, which had its implications not only on the country itself, but also on the global economy as a whole. However, without any debate one factor identified by almost all the economists across the world, as the primary reason for the massive event. This factor was the more than normal exuberance in the housing investment of the country, which was to the extent of irrationality and which created a temporary bubble only to burst it after sometime. This led to the initiation of the Great Recession (Jagannathan, Kapoor and Schaumburg 2013). What was the housing bubble? The economy of the United States of America, post the Great Depression, which occurred in the 1930s, recovered well and eventually started progressing immensely, slowly emerging as one of the most powerful economies in the world. The country experienced a significant increase in the population growth, which along with the industrial and overall productivity growth in the country, gave a push to the housing sector of the country. The residential sector, with the growing income of the residents of the country, also emerged as one of the most prospective sector for investing money as the housing industry showed immense long term prospects. With the rapidly growing population of the country and the increase in the demand for housing facilities, the housing industry gained significant attention of the investors as well as the households of the country (Mian and Sufi 2015). The huge investment in the housing sector was even more facilitated by the overall low interest rates prevailing in the country at that point of time, which was to some extent deliberately done to facilitate investment in different sectors of the country. There was already a working notion and speculation among the investors as well as the household sector, that the price of the housing assets in the country would go on increasing. This, coupled with the prevalence of considerably lower rate of interest in the economy, led to borrowing of funds by the households as well as commercial investors to invest in the housing sector. Housing came as an alternative way of asset building to the households of the country and many commercial enterprises started investing on residential assets, which they bought only to sell at a higher price after some time. The lack of foresight of the governing authorities and proper restrictive regulations added impetus to this phenomenon as many commercial banks and financial and insurance companies emerged in the scenario, which started providing loans with mortgage facilities to the interested people, to invest in this sector. Under this facilities, the borrowers could buy houses by borrowing money from these enterprises and making a very small initial down payment, whereby much of the risk were borne by the companies. The interest only type of loans encouraged the households as well as the commercial investors to this sector. This in turn, created a huge bubble in the residential asset market with both the housing prices as well as the residential investments going up at an abnormally fast pace (Charles, Hurst and Notowidigdo 2016). Bursting of bubble Defying all the positive speculations of the investors, regarding the housing market and its long term prosperity in the economy of the USA, the bubble created in the housing market did burst, much to the shock of the speculators of the country. This led to a sharp decline in the housing prices in the economy, at an abnormally rapid pace, which in its turn, led to an immense increase in the loss of confidence of the common people as well the investors in the country. This in its turn, led to a massive foreclosure in the market, on part of the clientele of the housing market. The worst hit of this foreclosure by the demand side participants, were the commercial banks and the insurance providers, as they took the responsibility of bearing the lions share of the risk burden. Many commercial investing enterprises, including the Lehman Brothers, one of the largest investment bankers in the country, filed bankruptcy during that time and the housing market saw a bailing out of an astonishing $700 billion, marking the initiation of what today is known as the Great Recession of the USA. There was a loss of a whopping 16 trillion USD by the citizens and the stock market of the country crashed like never before. This had its effects on the job market as well as nearly 7.5 million people lost their jobs, thereby reducing the aggregate demand, supply and overall economic activities of the USA to a major level. It took a lot of time and huge reforms on part of the government of the country to take the country out of this situation, towards a sustainable path of economic growth (Rickman and Guettabi 2015). Conclusion The Great Recession of 2007-2008, had huge effects on the economy of the USA and the global economic scene as a whole as many other countries were directly and indirectly affected by the phenomenon. The economy of the USA experienced a slowdown like never before, with all the economic indicators performing terribly and the country stagnating and slowly moving into the spiral of viscous sufferings. The bursting of the housing bubble, being the main cause of this recession, decreased the GDP, GDP growth rates, employment generation and the overall productivity of the economy to an astonishing extent. The financial and the stock market scenarios were threatening and it took a significantly long time for the monetary and governing authorities of the country, to bring the economy back to a steady state equilibrium condition, though many of the damages created by the Great Recession, mostly those on the commercial investment enterprises, were permanent in nature. References Auerbach, A.J. and Gorodnichenko, Y., 2012. Fiscal multipliers in recession and expansion. InFiscal Policy after the Financial crisis(pp. 63-98). University of Chicago press. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bls.gov (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps_charts.pdf [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017]. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Bosworth, B., 2012. Economic consequences of the great recession: Evidence from the panel study of income dynamics. Castells, M., Caraa, J. and Cardoso, G. eds., 2012.Aftermath: The cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford University Press. Charles, K.K., Hurst, E. and Notowidigdo, M.J., 2016. The masking of the decline in manufacturing employment by the housing bubble.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,30(2), pp.179-200. Cynamon, B.Z., Fazzari, S. and Setterfield, M. eds., 2013.After the great recession: the struggle for economic recovery and growth. Cambridge University Press. Danziger, S., Chavez, K. and Cumberworth, E., 2012. Poverty and the great recession.Stanford, CA: Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality. Retrieved March,1, p.2015. Farmer, R.E., 2012. The stock market crash of 2008 caused the Great Recession: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,36(5), pp.693-707. Jacobs, J., 2016.The economy of cities. Vintage. Jagannathan, R., Kapoor, M. and Schaumburg, E., 2013. Causes of the great recession of 20072009: The financial crisis was the symptom not the disease!.Journal of Financial Intermediation,22(1), pp.4-29. Jenkins, S.P., Brandolini, A., Micklewright, J. and Nolan, B. eds., 2012.The great recession and the distribution of household income. OUP Oxford. Mian, A. and Sufi, A., 2015.House of debt: How they (and you) caused the Great Recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press. Rickman, D.S. and Guettabi, M., 2015. The great recession and nonmetropolitan America.Journal of Regional science,55(1), pp.93-112. Stock, J.H. and Watson, M.W., 2012.Disentangling the Channels of the 2007-2009 Recession(No. w18094). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ethics and Decision Making Essay Example

Ethics and Decision Making Essay CHAPTER I WHAT IS ETHICS? Each society form a set of rules that establishes the boundaries of general accepted behavior. These rules are often expressed in statements about how people should behave, and they fit together to form the MORAL CODE by which a society lives. The term MORALITY refers to a social conventions about right and wrong that are so widely shared that they become the basis for an established consensus. DEFINITION OF ETHICS: ETHICS – is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted norms-many of which are almost universal. VIRTUES – are habits that incline people to do what is acceptable. VICES – a re habits if Unacceptable behavior. THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRITY: Your moral principles are statements of what you believe to be rules of right conduct. A person who acts with integrity acts in accordance with a personal code of principles. One of the cornerstones of Ethical behavior- is to extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you expect to receive from others. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORALS, ETHICS, AND LAWS MORAL’s are one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong while the term ETHICS describes standards or codes of behavior expected of an individual by a group to which an individual belongs. LAW is a system of rules that tell us what we can and cannot do. ETHICS IN THE BUSINESS WORLD Ethics has risen to the top of the business agenda because the risks associated w ith inappropriate behavior have increased, both in their likelihood and in their potential negative impact. Several trends have increased the likelihood of unethical behavior. 1st- greater globalization nd – in today’s necessionary economic climate, organizations are extremely challenge to maintain profits. WHY FOSTERING GOOD BUSINESS ETHICS IS IMPORTANT 1. Gaining the good will of the community. 2. Creating an organization that operates consistently. 3. Fostering good business practices. 4. Protecting the organization and its employees from legal action. 5. Avoiding unfavorable publicity. GAINING THE GOOD WILL OF THE COMMUNITY Although organization exist primarily to earn profits or provide services to customers, they also have some fundamental responsibilities in a formal statement of their company’s principles or beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Decision Making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Decision Making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CREATING AN ORGANIZATION THAT OPERATES CONSISTENTLY Organizations develop and abide by values to create an organizational culture and to define a consistent approach for dealing with the needs of their stakeholders, employees, customers, suppliers and the community. Many companies share the following values: †¢Operate with honesty and integrity †¢Operate according to standards of ethical conduct, in words and action †¢Treat colleagues, customers, and consumers with respect †¢Strive to be the best at what matters most to the organization †¢Value diversity †¢Make decisions based on facts and principles Protecting the Organization and it’s Employees from Legal Action In a 1909 ruling the U. S. Supreme Court established that an employer can be held responsible for the acts of it’s employees even if the employees act in a manner contrary to corporate policy and their employer’s directions. Avoiding Unfavorable Publicity The public reputation of a company strongly influences the value of its stock, how consumer regard it’s product and services, the degree of oversight it receive from the government agencies, and the amount support and cooperation it receives business partners. Fostering Good business practices In many cases, good ethics can mean good business and improved profits. Companies that produce safe and effective products avoid costly recalls and lawsuits. Companies that provide excellent service retain their customers instead of losing them to competitors. Improving Corporate Ethics Only one in four organizations has s well-implemented ethics and compliance program. Characteristics of a successful ethics program; †¢Employees are willing to seek advice about ethics issues †¢Employees feel prepared to handle situation could read to misconduct †¢Employees are for ethical behave Employees feel positively about their company Appointing a Corporate Ethics Officer Provides an organization with vision and leadership in the are of business conduct. Organization send a clear message to employees about the importance of ethics and compliance in their decision about who will be in charge of the effort an to whom that individual will report. Specific responsibilities include; †¢Responsibility for compliance- that is ensuring the ethical procedures are put into place and consistently adhered to throughout the organization. †¢Responsibility to creating and maintaining the ethics culture that the highest level of corporate authority. Responsibility for being a key knowledge and contact person on issues relating to corporate ethics and principles. Ethical Standard set by Board of Directors The board of directors is responsible for the careful and responsible management of an organization. The board fulfills some of it’s responsibilities directly and assign others to various committees. Establishing a Corporate Code of Ethics A code ethics is a statements that highlights the organization key ethical issues and identifies the overarching values and principles that are important to the organization and its decision making. Example; Intel Conducting Social Audits An organization reviews how well it is meeting its ethical and social responsibility, goals, and communicates its new goal for the upcoming year. Requiring Employees to take Ethics Training Today, most psychologists agree that the ancient Greek philosophers believed that personal conviction about right and wrong behavior could be improved through education. Lawrence Kohlberg, the late Harvard psychologist, found that many factors stimulate person’s moral development, but one of the most areas is education. Creating an Ethical Work Environment Most employees want to perform their jobs successfully and ethically but good employer sometime make bad ethical choices. Including Ethical Consideration in Decision Making Develop a Problem Statement A problem statement is a clear, concise description of the issue that needs to be addressed. One must gather and analyze facts to develop a good problem statement. Seek information and opinions from a variety of people to broaden your frame of reference. Identify Alternatives The stage of decision making, it is ideal to enlist the help of others, including stakeholders to identify several alternatives solutions to the problem. During brainstorming process tries not to be critical of ideas. Evaluate and Choose Alternatives Evaluating based on numerous criteria such as effectiveness at addressing the issue, the extent of risk associated with each alternatives cost, and time implementation. The alternative selected should be ethically and legally defensible: be consistent with the organization’s policies and codes of ethics; take into account the impact on others; and, of course provide a good solution to the problem. Four common approaches to ethical decision making Approach dealing to moral issues : Principles Virtue ethics approach the ethical choice best reflects moral virtues in yourself and in your community. Utilitarian Approach the ethical choice produce the greatest excess of the benefits over harm. Fairness Approach the ethical choice treats everyone the same and shows no favor or discrimination. Common Good Approach the ethical choice advances the common goods. Virtue Ethics Approach The virtue ethics approach to decision making focuses on how you should behave and think about relationship if you are concerned with your daily life I a community. It can also be applied to the business world by equating the virtues of a good businessperson. Utilitarian Approach The utilitarian approach to the ethical decision making states that you should choose the action or the policy that has the best overall consequences for all the people who are directly or indirectly affected. Fairness Approach The fairness approach focuses o how fairly and policies distribute benefits and burdens among all people affected by the decision. Common Good Approach The common good approach to decision making is based on a vision of society as a community whose member work together to achieve a common set of values and goals. Implement Decision Once the alternatives are selected, it should be implemented in an efficient, effective and timely manner. Evaluate the Results Monitor the results to see if the desire effect was achieved, and observed the impact on the organization and the various stakeholders.

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buy custom Future of Computer Intelligence essay Computers have been in existence for more than half a century, and the way humans interact with them has not changed much. We have seen significant evolution taking place with computers, but the human mind remains the same. The computer keyboards evolve from typewriters, which is an old technology (MIT, 2003). The graphical user interface had also been around since 1984 when there was immense popularity on the Macintosh (Utah State University). Today computers are still evolving from keyboard-mouse interface to touch screens. The touch screens are also evolving from single touch to multiple touches. This shows the rapid growth in technology. In my opinion, computer power will match the human intelligence in the next twenty to thirty years. According to Ray Kurzweil, an American computer guru, there is a progress that is more technical is likely to appear in the computer world in 2020s. During this period, the computers will be at par with the human intelligence. Machines will be able to solve more incomparable problemsof the 21st century (Connor, 2008). Today, the computer and digital hardware are far extremely impressive making the human performance unchallenged. However, we ought to note that the performance of machines has been smarter than humans in many ways. This gives one a reason to think of the future. The world changes daily as technology does, humans develop machines and program them to assist in completing tedious tasks. This means that computers could fill the gap of labor with a robot tailored to perform the same tasks quicker. Computers can perceive as humans do. The challenge is simple. Humans provide instructions to machines on the tasks expected of them. Therefore, whatever tasks the computer performs initially, we have to make it get ready for other duties too. The readiness of the computer to perform a variety of duties makes it to be more useful and more moral. A computer programmed to think scientifically with better observational abilities makes it develop a better objective thhinking ability. It has views on the world needs, which makes it develop an emotional understanding that leads to a practically moral action. The more capable a computer is the more beautiful its results are. Feelings act as a force that prompts an individual to answer to his/her needs. Since a computer also has needs, it is sensible to program it in such a way that it develops a tendency to answer to the needs. Therefore, the future computers will have will have feelings. Human feelings are a product of a tough evolution of Gods planning making computers have an idea of the needs the society and the world at large has. This means that future computers can share human emotional points of view too. In conclusion, development of technology is part of moral development. Without the strength technology possesses, there would be no rightful answers in the tough modern world. Safeguarding the future functioning of everything that has needs of the world and technology is a necessity to achieving the set goals. Buy custom Future of Computer Intelligence essay

Re write (data exchange) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Re write (data exchange) - Essay Example The aim of the project is to review the capabilities of XML-enable X3D standard for the representation of engineering design data including Product Structure, Bill of Materials and Product Coding and Classification among others within this context. This is one of two separate but interdependent projects proposed and the second one is listed below. The main objective of this study is to review the capabilities of XML-enable X3D standard for the representation of engineering design data including Product structure, Bill of Materials and Product Coding and Classification within the context of Collaborative Product Development among others. First of all, Right Neutral format was chosen for the data exchange after it was compared with the IGES and STEP format and it was selected because it provides the best version in comparison to the IGES format. After that, the researcher worked on the IGES (neutral) format and web-based 3D XML format and they were also compared for their effectiveness while doing share information between IGES and the web based approach. The Altan Machine Company`s Quick coups and Fork were designed using the Solid works and after that data results were presented in 3D XML and IGES format. The researcher compared the results between IGES and Web-Based 3D XML format after carrying the observations. In this study, secondary data was collected prior to the study for the purpose of analysing the findings in comparison to the data that already exists in this same field of study. Collection of secondary data greatly helped in gathering extensive information in an attempt to explore and establish a broader understanding about 3D XML and IGES format in designing engineering data which provided a solid understanding of the topic given that some studies have been done already on the same topic. As a point of departure, it should be noted that 3D XML is a lightweight and a standard XML-based

Should Taxpayer's Continue To Fund Welfare and Do Illegal Immigrants Research Paper

Should Taxpayer's Continue To Fund Welfare and Do Illegal Immigrants Contribute To The Welfare State - Research Paper Example The bottom line of all of this is that every group has strong points and arguments that are valid to differing degrees. But discounting a massive revolution that restructures the government completely and re-imagines a new set of core American values, the welfare system should be at very least left intact, and at best vastly restructured and better funded. It is better for American society overall, and more in line with fundamental American values, to continue to fund the welfare state. To understand the welfare state in America one must first understand a little bit about its history. Unlike Europe, patronizing liberal-democracy thinking and Christian fundamentals played little role in developing the welfare system in the United States (Trattner 5). Instead, the welfare system in the United States has always been developed, cut or expanded depending on economic circumstances. It was born out of the Great Depression as part of the New Deal Program (Trattner 7). The basic premise at t his time was that there were massive numbers of people who were willing to work, but far too few jobs available even after the expansion of federal work programs. President Roosevelt essentially either had the choice of instituting a welfare system or letting people starve (Tratter 102). The Great Society period of the 1960s saw welfare expand so that someone who was neither infirm, young nor elderly could get enough to live on through welfare payments from the US government (Lawrence and Strakey 19). The last major change in welfare occurred during the booming economy of the 1990s under Bill Clinton. In this first massive cut of the welfare state, which saw welfare return to the states rather than the federal government, and become a smaller and more temporary program than it had been in the past. At the time of record-low unemployment, booming compensation and a robust economy under Clinton, it seemed inconceivable that anyone who wanted to work would be unable to in the long term , so it seemed that the only people on welfare were people unwilling to work, so the cuts seemed justified. This change has been lauded as one of the best in the history of welfare in the United States, because poverty levels dropped substantially and welfare rolls decreased along with this change (78). The problem, however, is that the decrease in poverty was largely a function of a robust and booming economy, not the changes in welfare law. Though the economic affairs of the US have shifted drastically in the last decade, the welfare system instituted by the Clinton administration in 1996 is essentially the same one in operation now. Welfare obviously has a long history in the United States, but this does not explain the arguments for keeping or further funding welfare. There are two main sets of arguments, ideological and some practical. The first ideological argument comes from some of the founding documents of the United States. The Declaration of Independence argues that †Å"all men are created equal.† The problem, however, is that this is self-evidently not true. Some people are born with a brain that is incapable of accomplishing many tasks whereas others are born geniuses who can unlock the mysteries of science and technology. This fundamental problem has been explained away by saying that this passage means that everyone should have equality of opportunity